湖议》，引自《农政全书》卷16《水利·浙江水利》。⑦(清)徐松：《宋会要辑稿·食货六一》。 代江南地区围湖造田后水生资源遭到了严重的破坏①。近年来，随着长江流域生态环境的恶化，江南地区水灾频仍。圩田由于自身抗洪能力的低下，其弊端也更显突出，成为制约本地区社会经济发展的瓶颈之一。如何使这种传统水利田继续发挥作用是迫切需要解决的现实问题。作为史学工作者，我们在继续深入研究圩田史的基础上，应该以史为鉴，结合历史上对圩田的治理献计献策，更多地关注目前江南圩区的生态环境问题。我们应该与水利部门合作，摸清圩田形成的历史过程，总结利弊，根据不同的地貌特征和水文情况采取不同的方式进行整治。以防治水患为前提，提高圩田开发水平，同时，要加大治理江南地区河流湖泊的力度，加强湖泊生态工程建设，切实禁止新的围堤筑圩，对过度围筑的田地，要根据条件和可能，有计划地退田还湖，移民建镇，改善生态环境，以保证该地区“生态——经济——社会”三维复合系统的健康运行与可持续发展。———————————————— ①参见闵宗殿：《两宋东南围湖》，载《太湖水利史论文集》(打印稿)，1986年。 Cultivation of Diked Paddy--Fields in Ancient South--East Chinaand Their Effects on Ecological Environment Abstract：The diked paddy— fields (low— lying paddy— fields surrounded with dikes), roughly introduced in the period of Three Powers, rapidly developed during the times of North and South Song Dynasties and reaching their prime in Ming and Qing Dynasties, are a peculiar form of farming fields created by the people of South—East China through their long practice in water control and field man- agement. The essay, based on large amounts of historical documents, comprehensively looks into the course and characteristics of the cultivation of diked paddy—fields in South—East China, researches on the historical and natural factors of their prosperity and briefly analyzes their functions. On such a basis, it concretely discusses the effects of the cultivation on ecological environment and holds the view that the damage of the original hydro geological environment by over—cultivation in South—East China results in the serious situation of “no reservation of water and no irrigation when drought” and thus greatly increases difficulties in flood prevention. Local governments through ages act on their own way without cooperation among diked paddy—fields in different areas and therefore local floods take place every year due to breakdown of the dikes. The great shrinking of lake areas because of too much reclamation affects the function of
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